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客觀地看待我國耕地土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量的現(xiàn)狀
——關(guān)于《全國土壤污染狀況調(diào)查公報》中有關(guān)問題的討論和建議
王玉軍，劉 存，周東美，陳懷滿
（中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所 土壤環(huán)境與污染修復(fù)重點實驗室，南京 210008）
摘 要：《全國土壤污染狀況調(diào)查公報》是調(diào)查樣點真實而表觀的反映。之所以說它是真實的，因為它是從大約630萬km2實際調(diào)查面積中所取土壤樣品分析結(jié)果所獲得的結(jié)論；繼之說它是表觀的，因為它對于數(shù)據(jù)形成的原因缺乏必要的深度分析，因而對土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量現(xiàn)狀的描述需要客觀而理性的對待。文章第一部分就有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、耕地超標(biāo)判別的關(guān)鍵因素、高背景值土壤樣點問題、污染或超標(biāo)點位的溯源性分析等進行了討論，提出了下列見解：（1）需要明確評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。就耕地土壤重金屬而言，其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)受到多種因素的影響，故當(dāng)在公報中表明質(zhì)量狀況時，應(yīng)該說明評估的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它應(yīng)該與土壤和農(nóng)作物類型密切相關(guān)。（2）需要給出對應(yīng)土壤樣點農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中有關(guān)元素的含量。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品可食部分重金屬含量是判斷土壤重金屬影響的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)，缺乏相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)則無法判斷土壤是否污染。（3）高背景值土壤不應(yīng)列為污染土壤。根據(jù)土壤污染的定義，它不具有污染的特征要素。在一些地區(qū)因母質(zhì)和自然成土過程所形成的高背景值，通常歸屬于環(huán)境異常；在利用方面應(yīng)屬于“土宜學(xué)”范疇。（4）污染或超標(biāo)點位的原因應(yīng)該慎重甄別。從物料平衡的角度考慮，區(qū)域性Cd增量要達到50%或者40%的可能性需要進一步考慮。文章的第二部分討論了采用負(fù)載容量管理法對土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量管控的優(yōu)勢和可行性。從正常土壤考慮，有利于從單一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過渡到雙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管理，從而兼顧土壤自然環(huán)境質(zhì)量的可持續(xù)性和土壤資源的可持續(xù)利用；從污染土壤考慮，有利于修復(fù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定；從污染源影響的賠償考慮，根據(jù)外源物質(zhì)所消耗的容量值，可量化有償利用和恢復(fù)容量的經(jīng)濟評估；從責(zé)任主體考慮，有利于責(zé)任主體的認(rèn)定和保護措施的落實；從方法的簡便性和可操作性考慮，簡單易行。
關(guān)鍵詞：調(diào)查公報；土壤污染；土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量；重金屬；容量管理法
中圖分類號：X825文獻標(biāo)志碼：A文章編號：1672-2043（2014）08-1465-09 doi:10.11654/jaes.2014.08.001
A Critical View on the Status Quo of the Farmland Soil Environmental Quality in China: Discussion and Suggestion of Relevant Issues onReport on the national general survey of soil contamination
WANG Yu-jun, LIU Cun, ZHOU Dong-mei, CHEN Huai-man
（Key Lab of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China ）
Abstract: The Report on the national general survey of soil contamination was a reflection of the reality and appearance of the survey’s samples and methodologies conducted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources. Since the soil samples were collected from the de facto survey area about 6.3 million km2, the conclusion drawn from the analytical results of such large sample size was fairly representative of the current status of China憶s soil ; while there was an apparent lack of necessary in-depth analysis of the formation of data. Thus an objective and rational viewpoint on the description of the status quo of the soil environment quality is needed. In the first part of this article, we discussed the standards, the key factor to identify whether the heavy metal levels in farmland exceed the national standards, the problems about soil samples collected from high background areas and the traceability analysis of contaminants where the levels of contaminants exceed the standards. Based on our discussion, the following opinions were put forward:（1） The evaluation standards need to be clarified, as in terms of heavy metals in the cultivated land, the choice of standards is affected by many factors, which is closely related to the type of soil and crops.（2）The corresponding content of heavy metal in agricultural products where the soil samples were collected need to be evaluated, since the heavy metal content in the edible part of the agricultural products is the key indicator to determine the impact of heavy metals in the soil. Lacking the corresponding data, it cannot determine whether the soil is contaminated or not.（3） Soils with high background levels of heavy metals should not be classified as the contaminated soil. According to the definition of soil contamination, such area does not have the characteristic feature of contamination, as the high background values of heavy metals in the area come from the natural parent materials or the soil formation processes. It should be generally attributed to the environmental exceptions, and in the term of soil utilization, it should belong to the category of "science of soil adaptability".（4）The sources of soil pollution where the standards were exceeded should be carefully screened. When the Cd content in soil increased 40% or 50%, the possible Cd input from external sources should be considered from the viewpoint of material balance.
The loading capacity of soil for contaminants was suggested to be adopted as guideline principle in the management of soil environmental quality, and its advantage and feasibility was discussed in the second part of the article. For the consideration of general soil management, it is advantageous to transit from a single standard to composite standards, which takes into account the sustainability of natural soil quality and sustainable utilization of soil resources. Regarding the contaminated soil, the incorporation of the concept of loading capacity will be beneficial for determining the remediation criteria. In the economic assessment of the pollution compensation, the compensated utilization and the restoring capacity could be quantified according to the capacity consumed by exogenous substances. It will also help to assess the liability and implement the protection measures in identifying the legal responsibility subject of soil pollution. The procedure of calculating the loading capacity of soil for contaminants is practical and feasible, and thus it is recommended to be incorporated in the future management of soil environmental quality.
Keywords: report on the national general survey on soil contamination; soil pollution; soil environmental quality; heavy metal; management method by loading capacity
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